Dorothea Lange was one one of the great documentary
photographers of all time; She said of herself that she lived a very, “visual
life.”
She was born Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn in
1895 in Hoboken, New Jersey. Two pivotal events in her life were to provide
her with a deep understanding of suffering which she was later able to turn to
her advantage. At age seven she
contracted polio, leaving her with a limp and at age twelve her father left
home never to return. She took on her mother’s
maiden name and refused to speak of him again.
Her decision to take up photography first surfaced during the long walks
after school to meet her mother from her job as a librarian in Manhatten.
She studied photography at Columbia University,
New York, and was taught by Clarence H White, one of the pioneers of Fine Art
Photography. She became informally
apprenticed to, famous portrait photographer, Arnold Genthe under whom she
learnt how to understand and connect with her subject, believing this to be the
artistic part of photography. In
1918 she moved to San Francisco to set up a successful portrait studio and soon
after married a well-known painter, Maynard Dixon, with whom she had two
sons.
In 1930, as the Great Depression began, Dorothea
took her camera to the street and turned her attention to the unemployed and
homeless. This got her noticed by The
Farm Security Administration (a government relief agency) who offered her a
job. In 1935 she divorced Dixon and
married the Economist Paul Schuster Taylor who educated her in social and
political matters. Together, they made a
great team, documenting the plight of the desperate; Taylor
gathered the data and Dorothea took the photos.
The result was a report called, “An American Exodus” which they subtitled, “A Record of Human Erosion”, and in it they wrote, “We have let them speak to you
face to face”.
Her most iconic image is that of the “Migrant
Mother”, a portrait of Florence Owens Thompson, a desperate mother of seven, living
in a pea picker’s camp in Nipomo, California. Within days of the image being published the
camp received 20,000 pounds worth of food from the federal government. The photograph came to symbolize that
entire era of American history.
In 1941 she gave up her Guggenheim
Fellowship award for excellence in photography to highlight the treatment of American
Japanese families being evacuated from their homes to prison camps after the
attack on Pearl Harbour, a procedure she deeply opposed.
In 1944 she worked with, famous landscape
photographer, Ansel Adams on a feature
for Fortune Magazine documenting the Kaiser shipyard in Richmond.
In 1952 she co founded the photographic
magazine, Aperture.
Dorothea believed her eye to be the camera
lens. In the last few years of her life
she suffered ill health and as a friend sat beside her bed one day, she said,
“I’ve just photographed you”. She died
of Esophageal Cancer in 1965 aged 70.
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